Stugna p

Apr 27, 2022 · How does Stugna-P work? Named after a local river, the Stugna is an anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system that was designed by the state-funded Luch Design Bureau and developed in Ukraine. Kromě systému Stugna-P si Ukrajinci během války pochvalují také americký raketomet Javelin či turecký bezpilotní letoun Bayraktar. I tyto zbraně dennodenně výrazně přispívají ke zvyšování ruských ztrát v boji. Na počest těchto zbraní Ukrajinci vyrábějí speciální trika a skládají písně.Ukrajinská Stugna-P sestřelila moderní ruský vrtulník Kamov Ka-52, jedná se o první případ zničení tohoto stroje protitankovou zbraní. Ukrajinská armáda zjevně dělá vše pro to, aby Rusy vyhnala ze svého území. Alligator, v kódu NATO Hokum-B, je moderní a velmi drahý vrtulník, sestřel Stugnou-P je až šokující ...The Stugna-P (named for a river in Ukraine) was developed by the Luch State Kyiv Design Bureau, incorporating a laser-riding guidance system produced by the Belorussia Design Bureau Peleng in Minsk. It was accepted for Ukrainian service in 2011 and took part in fighting separatist forces in the Donbas region from summer 2014.Jul 26, 2023 · Stugna is a single-player shooter and operator simulator an anti-tank missile system (ATGM). Stugna-P was developed by the Kyiv Luch Design Bureau and has been in use by the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine since 2011. We offer you to try yourself in the role of the operator of the launcher and get acquainted with how it works against armored ... The Stugna-P, also known as Skif in export modification, is a Ukrainian anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system developed by the Luch Design Bureau. Its guidance …The Stugna-P is a Ukrainian anti-tank missile system developed by produced by state-owned Luch. Its characteristics allow it to successfully target armored vehicles, including tanks. A Ukrainian source boasts that Stugna-P can successfully hit the most modern of armored vehicles, even those that are equipped with active anti-tank protection.Ukrainian defence chiefs have shown off a devastating attack on Russian armour using the country's home-grown Stugna-P guided missile system.The attack - fil...Now, Tetyana is in the Ukrainian Army and works as a trained Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile operator. Her unit, one of many positioned north of capital Kyiv, is tasked with engaging and destroying Russian tanks and armoured vehicles in order to stop the Russian army's approach to the country's capital.The Stugna-P, also known as Skif in export modification, is a Ukrainian anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system developed by the Luch Design Bureau. Its guidance …Seven Things You Can Do to Reduce Stigma. Know the facts. Educate yourself about mental illness including substance use disorders. Be aware of your attitudes and behaviour. Examine your own judgmental thinking, …The Stugna-P is a Ukrainian anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system developed by the Luch Design Bureau, which is headquartered in Kyiv. It was famously used earlier this month, on 5th April, to down a Russian Kamov Ka-52 attack helicopter. Izium is a city and district in the Kharkiv region in eastern Ukraine. The city of Izium is currently ...Stugna-P is operated remotely, but still from relatively close to the launcher. I think the default model has 50 meters of cable, so they're relatively close by, but hopefully dug in. Reply reply The Stugna-P - or Skif anti-tank missile system - was developed in Ukraine more than 10 years ago by the Luch Design Bureau, and has a guidance system developed and manufactured in Belarus.Oct 2, 2023 · In Brief. On 22 February 2023, Ukraine’s Special Forces Omega Unit uploaded a video on social media of successful Stugna-P/Skif Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) strikes on a Russian armored column. The video provided a dramatic testament to the effectiveness of ATGMs against tanks and armored platforms. How works Ukrainian Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile to destroy Russian tanks. Watch on. Named after a local river, the Stugna is an anti-tank guided missile …Stugna-P môže odpaľovať strely 130 mm a 152 mm, z ktorých najbežnejšie sú riadené strely RK-2S, RK-2OF, RK-2M-K a RK-2M-OF. Môžu byť vybavené rôznymi typmi hlavíc vrátane tandemových kumulatívnych, vysoko výbušných fragmentačných alebo termobarických. Raketa STUGNA využíva navádzanie pomocou poloaktívneho laserového ... Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile. The Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile (ATGM), produced by one of Ukroboronprom's companies, has become the most widely known Ukrainian weapon. The Stugna control panel can be located 50 metres away from the system, allowing the operator to hunt tanks from cover.Self-stigma, which involves internalized negative attitudes, is also common, affecting around 54.4% of people with psychiatric conditions. Perceived stigma leads to an internalized shame about having a mental illness. It has been found in a long-term study that this sort of internalized stigma leads to poorer treatment outcomes.The stugna system is actually fairly portable and can fit on the back of a very small pick up truck. So it could be a very determined stugna team getting behind the main front lines or getting extremely close. Sometimes artillery will also push past defenses past the front line in order to strike at its maximum range, targets that are closer to ...The Stugna-P uses two types of shells, cal. 130 mm and 152 mm, but the former is significantly more popular in use. It has a tandem cumulative warhead adapted for overcoming, for example, rod or reactive armor, capable of melting up to about 31.5 inches of armor steel. In turn, the second RK-3 Korsarz system is its lighter and smaller version ...The Skif, also known as the Stugna-P or Stuhna-P, is a Ukrainian anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system developed in the early 2010s by the Luch Design Bureau, a unit of UkrOboronProm. The initial guidance device PN-S (ПН-С) of the Skif was developed and manufactured by Belarusian design … See moreThe Stugna-P is being used in the same way US forces used the TOW missile system in the 1980s and the Gulf War Desert Patrol Vehicle. Its increased range gives it an edge over the NLAW and Javelin ...The Stugna-P is being used in the same way US forces used the TOW missile system in the 1980s and the Gulf War Desert Patrol Vehicle. Its increased range gives it an edge over the NLAW and Javelin ...Jan 11, 2022 · The Ukrainian army in the trenches along separatist-controlled Donbas at present uses its anti-tank guided missiles sparingly, owing in part to their high cost — $20,000 for a Stugna-P. Several... Another Ka-52 went down on May 5, killing its crew, and on May 1 another fell victim to a Stugna-P. On June 4, the 128th Mountain Brigade claimed a Ka-52 on the northern front, and on the 27th an Alligator was forced to land after being hit by a British-supplied Martlet MANPADS (man-portable anti-aircraft defense system).Apr 26, 2022 · The Stugna-P is Ukrainian-made anti-tank missile system that the country has been successfully using to destroy Russian tanks throughout the war.. Stugna-P can attack tanks up to 3.1 miles and as together with missiles like the shoulder-fired Javelin is exacting a heavy toll on Russian armored vehicles, with researchers estimated Russia has lost 571 tanks in two months of war. May 11, 2022 · 乌克兰自主研发的导弹系统Stugna ATGM，在这次战役中一次次射向了坦克，装甲，飞机等等，在实战中得到很好的印证。. 这款新一代反坦克导弹名为“Stugna-P”反坦克导弹。. 此款反坦克导弹是由乌克兰的LUCH设计局研发生产，属于一种典型的单兵便携式反坦克导弹 ... На відстані 2,5 км влучає всередину нанесеного на щит перехрестя розміром 2,3×2,3 м [3] Стугна-П у Вікісховищі. «Стугна-П» — український протитанковий ракетний комплекс. Розроблений київським ...The Stugna-P is an anti-tank missile system designed and manufactured in Ukraine. Stugna-P has been developed by Kiev-based Luch design bureau to compete wit...Anti-Tank Guided Missiles or ATGMs have become a defining symbol of the Ukrainian fight against Russian invasion. They have destroyed countless armoured vehi...A Stugna-P team. Ukrainian defense ministry photo The powerful Javelin anti-tank missiles that Ukraine has been getting from the United States tend to dominate …National Stigma Strategy Framework and Sector Plans. 1. Preamble. HIV and AIDS-related stigma continues to be a major challenge for all those affected by, and working in, the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Stigma has an impact on prevention, testing, treatment and care, and hampers the efforts of government and civil society.Mar 30, 2022 · Stugna P ATGM (via Twitter) The Stugna-P is one of the more successful post-Soviet military sector products in Ukraine, which has otherwise struggled to actualize potential projects due to inefficiency and lack of funds. The state-owned Luch development agency in Kyiv designed the guided missile, which has been in production for a decade. August 09, 2022 18:42 GMT. By Yaroslav Krechko. 0:00 4:21. The Ukrainian-made Stuhna-P anti-tank missile system is proving to be an effective asset in the fight against Russian armor. In video ...Stugna is a single-player shooter and operator simulator an anti-tank missile system (ATGM). Stugna-P was developed by the Kyiv Luch Design Bureau and has been in use by the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine since 2011. We offer you to try yourself in the role of the operator of the launcher and get acquainted with how it works against armored ...Stugna is a single-player shooter and operator simulator an anti-tank missile system (ATGM). Stugna-P was developed by the Kyiv Luch Design Bureau and has been in use by the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine since 2011. We offer you to try yourself in the role of the operator of the launcher and get acquainted with how it works against armored ...Feb 1, 2023 · So the Stugna-P’s 8 kilo/17 pound warhead is less effective against footsoldiers than a round from a U.S. Army 81mm mortar which weighs about half as much but has a lethal radius of thirty-five ... Jul 13, 2022 · The 36th Separate Marine Brigade said Tuesday, July 12, 2022, that they used the "Stugna-P" Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) system to destroy Russian ammo depots in the southern Ukrainian region ... The Stugna-P’s laser-guided system has a long-range and ample penetration capability. According to Defence Blog, the Stugna-P anti-tank missile weapon system can penetrate armor up to 1100 millimeters thickness. This is the first known case of the hit of a Russian Ka-52 attack helicopter by an anti-tank missile system.斯图格纳-P （ 烏克蘭語 ： Стугна-П ， 羅馬化 ：Stuhna-P ）反坦克导弹是 乌克兰 自主设计生产的 第二代反坦克导弹 ，由基辅 射线设计局 于2005年开始研制，2011年定型投产，原本預計做出口型號，目前是 乌克兰军队 的主力步兵反坦克武器，名称来源于该国 ... Ukrainian Soldiers use Stugna P ATGM to destroy Russian 2S19 Msta SPG. Russian losses were already high daily in defense. It seems they are now pushing and those numbers are skyrocketing even higher. Madness.Apr 5, 2022 · Stugna-P is the reason why Russian helicopter-crews nowadays run only ‘hit-and-run’ attacks on Ukrainian frontlines. The footage in this post shows a Russian Kamov Ka-52 “Alligator” (NATO reporting name: Hokum B) attack helicopter being shot down by a Ukrainian Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) operated by the 95th Air Assault Brigade in the Izium Area. This footage shows a Ukrainian brigade destroying several Russian armoured vehicles in their bid to “completely clear Ukrainian land of enemy invaders”.The 3...Apr 5, 2022 · The Stugna-P, a domestic variant of the Skif system designed for export, is an anti-tank guided-missile system developed by the Ukrainian manufacturer Luch Design Bureau. It is conceived to destroy stationary and moving ground armored targets. It offers two types of firing modes: manual, and fire-and-forget. The Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile packs a wallop, and it is torturing Russian tanks. This is a home-grown Ukrainian weapon that the defenders have master... As Russia positioned troops near the Ukrainian border, several countries including the U.S. started sending defensive weapons to the nation.While the Russian...Stugna-P môže odpaľovať strely 130 mm a 152 mm, z ktorých najbežnejšie sú riadené strely RK-2S, RK-2OF, RK-2M-K a RK-2M-OF. Môžu byť vybavené rôznymi typmi hlavíc vrátane tandemových kumulatívnych, vysoko výbušných fragmentačných alebo termobarických. Raketa STUGNA využíva navádzanie pomocou poloaktívneho laserového ... A video was released on Twitter showing the use of the Ukrainian-made Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile to destroy a Russian tank. The launcher unit of the S...Now, Tetyana is in the Ukrainian Army and works as a trained Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile operator. Her unit, one of many positioned north of capital Kyiv, is tasked with engaging and destroying Russian tanks and armoured vehicles in order to stop the Russian army's approach to the country's capital.Every day, the men of the 59th anti-tank brigade go on the hunt for Russian tanks. United24 was granted exclusive access to the operational command center of...ПТРК "Стугна" працює. Удар по ворожій колоні окупантів The Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile packs a wallop, and it is torturing Russian tanks. This is a home-grown Ukrainian …Sep 13, 2023 · The Stugna-P missile can punch through 800 millimeters of steel at a range of three miles, according to Luch—implying the optics are accurate out to at least that distance. The two-axis, gyro ... One is an anti-tank guided missile and the other is a man portable self guided anti-tank weapon. The javelin is great for short to medium range targets and the ATGM is better suited for longer range targets. In most of the stugna-p videos I've seen they seem to be really far away and the enemy didn't have a clue.Ukraine’s Stugna-P anti-tank systems also started to roll off production lines faster. Boosting production of tanks and armoured vehicles is the next priority, but will take three to six months ...Mar 22, 2022 · What is Stugna-P? Stugna-P, also known as Skif in export modification, is an anti-tank missile system developed and manufactured in Ukraine and able to compete with foreign munitions of the same class. The anti-tank missile system was developed by State Kyiv Design Bureau Luch in the mid-2000s. Initially, the ATGM was called ‘Skif’. Mar 30, 2022 · Stugna P ATGM (via Twitter) The Stugna-P is one of the more successful post-Soviet military sector products in Ukraine, which has otherwise struggled to actualize potential projects due to inefficiency and lack of funds. The state-owned Luch development agency in Kyiv designed the guided missile, which has been in production for a decade. Two Stugna-P strikes on a T-62 and a BMP-2.SUBSCRIBE for daily updates on UkraineSUPPORT THE CHANNEL by following me on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user...The footage in this post shows a Russian Kamov Ka-52 “Alligator” (NATO reporting name: Hokum B) attack helicopter being shot down by a Ukrainian Stugna-P …Stugna-P is a Ukrainian anti-tank guided missile weapon system developed by the Luch Design Bureau. It can fire from the tank T-55 or the antitank artillery gun MT-12 and penetrate armor up to 800 …According to Defense Blog, Stugna-P developed by Kyiv-based LUCH design bureau to destroy manpower and stationary and mobile modern armored targets with combined, carried, or monolithic armor including ERA (explosive reactive armor) and also pinpoint targets like weapon emplacements, lightly armored objects and hovered …How works Ukrainian Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile to destroy Russian tanks. Watch on. Named after a local river, the Stugna is an anti-tank guided missile …Ukrajinci zabraňují rychlejšímu postupu ruských okupantů na východní či jižní frontě i díky protipancéřovým raketometům. V poslední době kolují po internetu záběry smrtících úderů, které má na svědomí obávaný ukrajinský raketomet Stugna-P. Poslední videa mají ukazovat brutální útok na ruské vojáky i těžkou techniku. Autentičnost záběrů …Apr 5, 2022 · Stugna-P is the reason why Russian helicopter-crews nowadays run only ‘hit-and-run’ attacks on Ukrainian frontlines. The footage in this post shows a Russian Kamov Ka-52 “Alligator” (NATO reporting name: Hokum B) attack helicopter being shot down by a Ukrainian Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) operated by the 95th Air Assault Brigade in the Izium Area. Jan 2, 2022 · Meet Stugna-P [Ukrainian anti-tank missile system]. In the video, two objects are worth noting, Stugna-P and the Ural truck” – says Oleksandr Karpyuk to the video. According to the volunteer, the distance between the anti-tank complex and the truck of was 3,4 miles (5600 meters). Stugna-P är gjord för att förstöra moderna pansarfordon, även sådana med skiktat pansar eller reaktivt pansar. Den kan attackera stationära och rörliga mål, både från långa håll (upp till 5 km dagtid) och nära håll (100m). Den kan också attackera punktmål som vapenplaceringar, lätt bepansrade mål och hovrande helikoptrar. The Stugna-P is Ukrainian-made anti-tank missile system that the country has been successfully using to destroy Russian tanks throughout the war. Stugna-P can attack tanks up to 3.1 miles and as ...Stugna-P Designed and produced in Ukraine, Stugna-P is an anti-tank missile system. At 200 pounds , it is heavier, less portable, and cheaper than the Javelin, but has proved extremely effective ... National Stigma Strategy Framework and Sector Plans. 1. Preamble. HIV and AIDS-related stigma continues to be a major challenge for all those affected by, and working in, the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Stigma has an impact on prevention, testing, treatment and care, and hampers the efforts of government and civil society.Ukrainian-made Stugna-P anti-tank missile system continues to take its toll of Russian enemy tanks and heavy armored vehicles. Yet another example of the effectiveness of the Ukrainian tank killer missile has been demonstrated by soldiers of the 128 th Mountain Assault Brigade, who used one such missile to destroy a Russian BMP …The Stugna-P is a second-generation, Ukrainian laser-guided anti-tank missile system that was developed by the Kyiv design bureau Luch.Stigmatising beliefs about depression, whether actual or perceived, can have a substantial impact on people with depression. Perceptions that others may respond negatively may lead to help-seeking avoidance [1–4], somatisation and misdiagnosis [5–7], and treatment discontinuation [].Clearly, if our goal is early intervention and depression …A video was released on Twitter showing the use of the Ukrainian-made Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile to destroy a Russian tank. The launcher unit of the S...Self-stigma, which involves internalized negative attitudes, is also common, affecting around 54.4% of people with psychiatric conditions. Perceived stigma leads to an internalized shame about having a mental illness. It has been found in a long-term study that this sort of internalized stigma leads to poorer treatment outcomes.Apr 22, 2023 · From 2016 to 2022, by one account, Ukraine made over 14,000-16,000 of their own ATGMs (mostly Stugna-P and the Skif export variant), though these numbers seem to have at least an extra zero ... The footage in this post shows a Russian Kamov Ka-52 “Alligator” (NATO reporting name: Hokum B) attack helicopter being shot down by a Ukrainian Stugna-P …ПТРК "Стугна" працює. Удар по ворожій колоні окупантів The Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile packs a wallop, and it is torturing Russian tanks. This is a home-grown Ukrainian …Oct 22, 2023 · The Stugna-P is equipped with 130mm caliber guided missiles equipped with various types of warheads. It boasts a target detection range of up to 6.5 kilometers for tanks. The maximum range for engaging targets extends to 5-5.5 kilometers during daylight hours and up to 3 kilometers during the night. We’re bringing the voice of Ukraine to the ... Stigma is a primary concern for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS (PLWHA), and has great impact on their and their family members’ health. While previous reviews have largely focused on the public stigma, this systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related …“The Stugna-P complex itself is primarily intended for the destruction of highly armored vehicles and lightly armored vehicles, and there are also high-explosive fragmentation charges that can be used to crowd out personnel,” explained Artem, a serviceman of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (FSU) with the call sign Tema.Another Ka-52 went down on May 5, killing its crew, and on May 1 another fell victim to a Stugna-P. On June 4, the 128th Mountain Brigade claimed a Ka-52 on the northern front, and on the 27th an Alligator was forced to land after being hit by a British-supplied Martlet MANPADS (man-portable anti-aircraft defense system).Stugna-P is operated remotely, but still from relatively close to the launcher. I think the default model has 50 meters of cable, so they're relatively close by, but hopefully dug in. Reply reply Ukrainian Soldiers use Stugna P ATGM to destroy Russian 2S19 Msta SPG. Russian losses were already high daily in defense. It seems they are now pushing and those numbers are skyrocketing even higher. Madness.The Stugna-P is a "relatively low-cost" system, which, unlike Javelin anti-tank missiles, can be deployed by Ukrainian forces against groups of infantry, Hambling said.A laser-guided antitank weapon, the Stugna-P consists of a tripod, a missile container, a PDU-215 control panel, a guidance device and a thermographic camera. …Oct 22, 2023 · Stugna-P ATGM on the HMMWV armored vehicle / Foto credit: the 1st Special Purpose Brigade named after Ivan Bohun. The Ukrainian-made Stugna-P anti-tank missiles are actively used in the Ukraine-russia war. Defense Express earlier detailed the capabilities of this anti-tank weapon and compared it to an FGM-148 Javelin of the US manufacture. Lista include și sistemul de rachete antitanc Stugna-P fabricat integral de biroul ucrainean de proiectare a tehnicii militare „Luch”. Recent, soldații ucraineni au publicat un nou material video în care arată modul în care utilizează sistemul de rachete antitanc Stugna-P împotriva tehnicii militare ruse.Stugna-P. The Ukrainian anti-tank missile system Stugna-P from Luch DB is designed to defeat tanks and other armored targets, including those equipped with modern active protection system. Stugna-P. Photo: 93rd Mechanized Brigade. Portable complex have a RK-2S rocket, RK-2OF caliber 130 mm or RK-2M-K, RK-2М-OF caliber 152 mm. …May 24, 2017 · Some of the harmful effects of stigma can include: Reluctance to seek help or treatment. Lack of understanding by family, friends, co-workers or others. Fewer opportunities for work, school or social activities or trouble finding housing. Bullying, physical violence or harassment. Health insurance that doesn't adequately cover your mental ... The unique moment was filmed by the operators of the Ukrainian complex “Stugna”. “Stugna” Stugna-P is a Ukrainian anti-tank missile system that is capable of hitting a target at a distance of 50 meters to 5 kilometers, while penetrating armor 800 mm thick. One of the advantages of the system is that it can fire from indirect positions ...The footage in this post shows a Russian Kamov Ka-52 “Alligator” (NATO reporting name: Hokum B) attack helicopter being shot down by a Ukrainian Stugna-P …Skif, or Stugna-P (P stands for portable) is a Ukrainian-made anti-tank guided missile capable of piercing up to 1000 mm of armor, as well as fortifications and manpower. And as we previously could see, even some unusual targets such as helicopters. Also, the control panel is located in a separate suitcase which enables the operator to give ...Another Ka-52 went down on May 5, killing its crew, and on May 1 another fell victim to a Stugna-P. On June 4, the 128th Mountain Brigade claimed a Ka-52 on the northern front, and on the 27th an Alligator was forced to land after being hit by a British-supplied Martlet MANPADS (man-portable anti-aircraft defense system).Pictured: Stugna-P missile sends Russian tank up in smoke. Ukrainian fighters destroy Russian tanks with Stugna-P ATGM in Ukraine in undated footage Credit: @66ombr/NewsflashMay 24, 2017 · Some of the harmful effects of stigma can include: Reluctance to seek help or treatment. Lack of understanding by family, friends, co-workers or others. Fewer opportunities for work, school or social activities or trouble finding housing. Bullying, physical violence or harassment. Health insurance that doesn't adequately cover your mental ... The account that uploaded the video, @bayraktar_1love, responded to one of these commenters by suggesting it may have been a Stugna-P, a Ukrainian anti-tank guided missile weapon system.Stugna-P is operated remotely, but still from relatively close to the launcher. I think the default model has 50 meters of cable, so they're relatively close by, but hopefully dug in. Reply reply Jul 26, 2023 · Stugna is a single-player shooter and operator simulator an anti-tank missile system (ATGM). Stugna-P was developed by the Kyiv Luch Design Bureau and has been in use by the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine since 2011. We offer you to try yourself in the role of the operator of the launcher and get acquainted with how it works against armored ... The standard missile is the RK-2S, which has taken out a variety of Russian armored vehicles in the last year. According to Forbes, the Stugna-P has destroyed Russia’s T-72, T-80 and T-90 MBTs ...Ukrainian troops have revealed some of their secrets regarding how to successfully operate a Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile system - including hitting a t...The Stugna-P anti-tank guided missile packs a wallop, and it is torturing Russian tanks. This is a home-grown Ukrainian weapon that the defenders have master... “The Stugna-P complex itself is primarily intended for the destruction of highly armored vehicles and lightly armored vehicles, and there are also high-explosive fragmentation charges that can be used to crowd out personnel,” explained Artem, a serviceman of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (FSU) with the call sign Tema. | Ctbsybn (article) | Mhpxsrr.